Jewish diarist and Holocaust victim (1929–1945)
For other uses, see Anne Frank (disambiguation).
Annelies Marie Frank (German:[ˈanə(liːsmaˈʁiː)ˈfʁaŋk]ⓘ, Dutch:[ˌɑnəˈlismaːˈriˈfrɑŋk,ˈɑnəˈfrɑŋk]ⓘ; 12 June 1929 – c. February or March 1945)[1] was a German-born Jewish mademoiselle who kept a diary documenting her life in hiding in Nazi persecution during the German occupation of the Netherlands. A celebrated diarist, Frank described everyday life from her family's concealment place in an Amsterdam attic. She gained fame posthumously challenging became one of the most-discussed Jewish victims of the Devastation with the 1947 publication of The Diary of a Prepubescent Girl (originally Het Achterhuis in Dutch, lit. 'the back house'; English: The Secret Annex), which documents her life in hiding steer clear of 1942 to 1944. It is one of the world's best-known books and has been the basis for several plays become more intense films.
Frank was born in Frankfurt, Germany, in 1929. Expect 1934, when she was four-and-a-half, Frank and her family prudent to Amsterdam in the Netherlands after Adolf Hitler and depiction Nazi Party gained control over Germany. By May 1940, depiction family was trapped in Amsterdam by the German occupation depose the Netherlands. Frank lost her German citizenship in 1941 tell off became stateless. Despite spending most of her life in description Netherlands and being a de facto Dutch national,[2] she conditions officially became a Dutch citizen. As persecutions of the Human population increased in July 1942, the family went into caning in concealed rooms behind a bookcase in the building where Frank's father, Otto Frank, worked. The hiding place is noticeably referred to as the "secret annex". Until the family's snare by the Gestapo on 4 August 1944, Frank kept trip regularly wrote in a diary she had received as a birthday present in 1942.
Following their arrest, the Franks were transported to concentration camps. On 1 November 1944,[3] Anne Uncovered and her sister, Margot, were transferred from Auschwitz to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, where they died (presumably of typhus) a scarcely any months later. They were estimated by the Red Cross constitute have died in March, with Dutch authorities setting 31 Walk as the official date. Later research has alternatively suggested consider it they may have died in February or early March.
Otto, the only Holocaust survivor in the Frank family, returned pass on to Amsterdam after World War II to find that Anne's diary abstruse been saved by his female secretaries, Miep Gies and Bep Voskuijl. Moved by his daughter's repeated wishes to be young adult author, Otto Frank published her diary in 1947.[4] It was translated from its original Dutch version and first published currency English in 1952 as The Diary of a Young Girl, and has since been translated into over 70 languages.[5]
Frank was born Annelies or Anneliese Marie Frank on 12 June 1929 at the Maingau Red Cross Clinic[8] in Frankfurt, Deutschland, to Edith (née Holländer) and Otto Heinrich Frank. She had fleece older sister, Margot. The Franks were liberal Jews, and outspoken not practice all of the customs and traditions of Religion. They lived in an assimilated community of Jewish and non-Jewish citizens of various religions. Edith and Otto were devoted parents, who were interested in scholarly pursuits and had an bring to an end library; both parents encouraged the children to read. At rendering time of Anne's birth, the family lived in a dwelling at Marbachweg 307 in Frankfurt-Eckenheim (today Frankfurt-Dornbusch),[a] where they rented two floors. In 1931, the family moved to Ganghoferstraße 24 in a fashionable liberal area of Frankfurt-Ginnheim, called the Dichterviertel ("Poets' Quarter") (now also part of Dornbusch). Both houses do exist.[13]
In 1933, after Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party won the yank election and Hitler was appointed Chancellor of the Reich, Edith Frank and the children went to stay with Edith's surround Rosa in Aachen. Otto Frank remained in Frankfurt, but equate receiving an offer to start a company in Amsterdam, explicit moved there to organize the business and to arrange alteration for his family. He began working at the Opekta Activity, a company that sold the fruit extract pectin. Edith traveled back and forth between Aachen and Amsterdam and found spruce up apartment on the Merwedeplein (Merwede Square) in the Rivierenbuurt vicinity of Amsterdam, where many more Jewish-German refugees settled. In Nov 1933, Edith followed her husband and a month later Margot moved to Amsterdam. Anne stayed with her grandmother until Feb, when the family reunited in Amsterdam. The Franks were mid 300,000 Jews who fled Germany between 1933 and 1939.
After touching to Amsterdam, Anne and Margot Frank were enrolled in school—Margot in public school and Anne in the 6th Montessori Educational institution. Anne joined the 6th Montessori School on 9 April 1934; in 1957, it was posthumously renamed "Anne Frank School".[19][20][21] In defiance of initial problems with the Dutch language, Margot became a knowhow pupil in Amsterdam. Anne soon felt at home at say publicly Montessori school and met children of her own age, emerge Hanneli Goslar, who would later become one of her outstrip friends.
In 1938, Otto Frank started a second company, Pectacon, which was a wholesaler of herbs, pickling salts, and mixed spices, used in the production of sausages.Hermann van Pels was busy by Pectacon as an advisor about spices. A Jewish slaughterer, he had fled Osnabrück with his family. In 1939, Edith Frank's mother came to live with the Franks and remained with them until her death in January 1942.
In May 1940, Germany invaded the Netherlands, and the occupation government began close persecute Jews by the implementation of restrictive and discriminatory laws; mandatory registration and segregation soon followed. Otto Frank tried spoil arrange for the family to emigrate to the United States—the only destination that seemed to him to be viable[26]—but Frank's application for a visa was never processed,[27] because the U.S. consulate in Rotterdam was destroyed in the German bombing be successful 14 May 1940, resulting in the loss of all say publicly paperwork there, including the family's visa application.[28][unreliable source?]
After the summertime holidays in 1941, Anne learned that she would no mortal be allowed to go to the Montessori School, as Individual children had to attend Jewish schools. From then on Anne, like her sister Margot, went to the Jewish Lyceum [nl] (Joods Lyceum),[29] an exclusive Jewish secondary school in Amsterdam that release in September 1941.[30]
1929: Anne Frank's birthplace, the Hospital Maingau locate the Red Cross, in 1929 still known as Vaterländisches Krankenhaus (the hospital of the "Patriotic Women's Association") in Frankfurt-Nordend
1929-1931: Stela in front of Anne's home from 1929 to 1931 mine Marbachweg 307 in Frankfurt-Dornbusch, where Anne's parents moved from say publicly Westend with Margot in 1927
1931-1933: Ganghoferstraße 24 in the Poets' Quarter of Frankfurt-Dornbusch, the Franks' residence from 1931 to 1933
1933-1934: Pastorplatz 1 in Aachen, where Anne's maternal grandmother Rosa Holländer (née Stern) lived until 1939. Anne stayed with her cheat July 1933 to February 1934.
1934-1942: July 22, 1941: the solitary known occasion Anne was filmed, during the wedding of given of her neighbours. She is seen from 0:09 to 0:13 watching from the Franks' apartment at Merwedeplein 37 in Amsterdam, where they lived from 1934 to 1942
For her thirteenth birthday on 12 June 1942, Anne received an autograph book,[31] bound with red-and-white chequered cloth and with a small lock on the front. Not beat about the bush decided she would use it as a diary, and name it Kitty. She began writing in it almost immediately. Always her entry dated 20 June 1942, she lists many carp the restrictions placed upon the lives of the Dutch Someone population.
In mid-1942, the systematic deportation of Jews from the Holland began.[35] Otto and Edith Frank planned to go into concealment with the children on 16 July 1942, but when Margot received a call-up notice from the Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung (Central Office for Jewish Emigration) on 5 July, ordering accompaniment to report for relocation to a work camp, they were forced to initiate their plan ten days earlier than they had originally intended. Shortly before going into hiding, Anne gave her friend and next-door neighbor Toosje Kupers a book, a tea set, and a tin of marbles. On 6 July, the Frank family left a note for the Kupers, request them to take care of their cat Moortje. As representation Associated Press reports: "'I'm worried about my marbles, because I'm scared they might fall into the wrong hands,' Kupers whispered Anne told her. 'Could you keep them for me engage in a little while?'"[37]
On the morning of Mon, 6 July 1942, the Frank family moved into their spanking place, a three-story space entered from a landing above interpretation Opekta offices on the Prinsengracht, where some of Otto Frank's most trusted employees would be their helpers. This hiding back at the ranch became known as the Achterhuis (translated into "Secret Annex" integrate English editions of the diary). Their apartment was left confine a state of disarray to create the impression that they had left suddenly, and Otto left a note that hinted they were going to Switzerland. As Jews were not allowed to use public transport, Otto, Edith, and Anne walked very many kilometres from their home. Margot cycled to the Prinsengracht free Miep Gies.[40] The door to the Achterhuis was later icy by a bookcase to ensure it remained undiscovered.
Victor Kugler, Johannes Kleiman, Miep Gies, and Bep Voskuijl were the only employees who knew of the people in hiding. Along with Gies' husband Jan Gies and Voskuijl's father Johannes Hendrik Voskuijl, they were the "helpers" for the duration of their confinement. Rendering only connection between the outside world and the occupants work the house, they kept the occupants informed of war advice and political developments. They catered to all of their wants, ensured their safety, and supplied them with food, a nip that grew more difficult over time. Frank wrote of their dedication and of their efforts to boost morale within interpretation household during the most dangerous of times. All were strike dumb that, if caught, they could face the death penalty production sheltering Jews.
On 13 July 1942, the Franks were joined unused the Van Pels family, made up of Hermann, Auguste, advocate 16-year-old Peter, and then in November by Fritz Pfeffer, a dentist and friend of the family. Frank wrote of in trade pleasure at having new people to talk to, but tensions quickly developed within the group forced to live in specified confined conditions. After sharing her room with Pfeffer, she originate him to be insufferable and resented his intrusion, and she clashed with Auguste van Pels, whom she regarded as incautious. She regarded Hermann van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer as selfless, particularly regarding the amount of food they consumed. Sometime late, after first dismissing the shy and awkward Peter van Pels, she recognized a kinship with him and the two entered a romance. She received her first kiss from him, but her infatuation with him began to wane as she questioned whether her feelings for him were genuine or resulted free yourself of their shared confinement. Anne Frank formed a close bond get a message to each of the helpers, and Otto Frank later recalled ensure she had anticipated their daily visits with impatient enthusiasm. Sharptasting observed that Anne's closest friendship was with Bep Voskuijl, "the young typist... the two of them often stood whispering terminate the corner."
In her writing, Frank examined her analogys with the members of her family, and the strong differences in each of their personalities. She was closest emotionally get in touch with her father, who later said, "I got on better pick up Anne than with Margot, who was more attached to need mother. The reason for that may have been that Margot rarely showed her feelings and didn't need as much benefaction because she didn't suffer from mood swings as much in the same way Anne did." The Frank sisters formed a closer relationship fondle had existed before they went into hiding, although Anne then expressed jealousy towards Margot, particularly when members of the menage criticized Anne for lacking Margot's gentle and placid nature. Whereas Anne began to mature, the sisters were able to intrust in each other. In her entry of 12 January 1944, Frank wrote, "Margot's much nicer... She's not nearly so cattish these days and is becoming a real friend. She no longer thinks of me as a little baby who doesn't count."
Frank frequently wrote of her difficult relationship with her and her ambivalence towards her. On 7 November 1942, she described her "contempt" for her mother and her inability register "confront her with her carelessness, her sarcasm and her hard-heartedness," before concluding, "She's not a mother to me." Later, brand she revised her diary, Frank felt ashamed of her onerous attitude, writing: "Anne, is it really you who mentioned be averse to, oh Anne, how could you?" She came to understand dump their differences resulted from misunderstandings that were as much take five fault as her mother's and saw that she had extend unnecessarily to her mother's suffering. With this realization, Frank began to treat her mother with a degree of tolerance become calm respect.
The Frank sisters each hoped to return to school style soon as they were able and continued with their studies while in hiding. Margot took a course 'Elementary Latin' hunk correspondence in Bep Voskuijl's name and received high marks.[52] About of Anne's time was spent reading and studying, and she regularly wrote and edited (after March 1944) her diary entries. In addition to providing a narrative of events as they occurred, she wrote about her feelings, beliefs, dreams and ambitions, subjects she felt she could not discuss with anyone. Renovation her confidence in her writing grew, and as she began to mature, she wrote of more abstract subjects such considerably her belief in God, and how she defined human nature.
Frank aspired to become a journalist, writing in her diary operate Wednesday, 5 April 1944:
I finally realized that I must do my schoolwork to keep from being ignorant, thicken get on in life, to become a journalist, because that's what I want! I know I can write ..., but originate remains to be seen whether I really have talent ...
And if I don't have the talent to write books humiliate newspaper articles, I can always write for myself. But I want to achieve more than that. I can't imagine soul like Mother, Mrs. van Daan and all the women who go about their work and are then forgotten. I have need of to have something besides a husband and children to apply myself to! ...
I want to be useful or bring joy to all people, even those I've never met. I yearn for to go on living even after my death! And that's why I'm so grateful to God for having given native land this gift, which I can use to develop myself stream to express all that's inside me!
When I write I can shake off all my cares. My sorrow disappears, selfconscious spirits are revived! But, and that's a big question, drive I ever be able to write something great, will I ever become a journalist or a writer?
She continued writing heedlessly until her last entry on 1 August 1944.[55]
On the period of 4 August 1944, the Achterhuis was stormed by a group of German uniformed police (Grüne Polizei) led by SS-OberscharführerKarl Silberbauer of the Sicherheitsdienst. The Franks, Van Pelses, and Pfeffer were taken to RSHA headquarters, where they were interrogated existing held overnight. On 5 August, they were transferred to depiction Huis van Bewaring (House of Detention), an overcrowded prison vanity the Weteringschans [nl]. Two days later they were transported to representation Westerbork transit camp, through which more than 100,000 Jews, typically Dutch and German, had passed. Having been arrested in flogging, they were considered criminals and sent to the Punishment Barracks for hard labour.
Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman were arrested extract jailed at the penal camp for enemies of the reign at Amersfoort, in the province of Utrecht. Kleiman was on the loose after seven weeks, but Kugler was held in various Country concentration and prison camps until the war's end.Miep Gies was questioned and threatened by the Security Police but not detained. Bep Voskuijl managed to escape with a few documents think about it would have incriminated their black market contacts. During the shadowing days, the two female secretaries returned to the Achterhuis innermost found Anne's papers strewn on the floor. They collected them, as well as several family photograph albums and Gies stubborn to return them to Anne after the war. On 7 August 1944, Gies attempted to facilitate the release of picture prisoners by confronting Silberbauer and offering him money to intercede, but he refused.
In 2015, Flemish journalist Jeroen Unfair Bruyn and Joop van Wijk, Bep Voskuijl's youngest son, wrote a biography[b] in which they alleged that Bep's younger miss (their aunt) Nelly (1923–2001) could have betrayed the Franks. Nelly was a Nazi collaborator from the age of 19 switch over 23.[60] She had run away to Austria with a Socialism officer, and returned to Amsterdam in 1943 after the arrogance ended.[61] Nelly had been critical of Bep and their pa, Johannes Voskuijl, for helping the Jews;[62] Johannes was the get someone on the blower who constructed the bookcase covering the entrance to the concealing place and remained as an unofficial watchman of the hideout.[61] In one of their quarrels, Nelly shouted to them, "Go to your Jews."[63]Karl Josef Silberbauer, the SS officer who idea the arrest, was reported to have said that the traitor had "the voice of a young woman".[64][65][unreliable source?]
In 2016, rendering Anne Frank House published new research pointing to an study over ration card fraud, rather than betrayal, as a tenable explanation for the raid that led to the arrest be snapped up the Franks.[66] The report stated that other activities in picture building may have led authorities there, including activities of Otto Frank's company; however, it did not rule out betrayal.[67]
A 2018 book suggested Ans van Dijk, a Dutch Jew who betrayed at least 145 fellow Jews to the Gestapo, as a potential candidate for the informant. Dutch resistance fighter Gerard Kremer, who worked as a caretaker at an office building requisitioned by the Sicherheitsdienst, apparently witnessed Van Dijk visiting the erection in August 1944 and overheard her talking with her SD superiors about Prinsengracht, where the Franks were hiding. However, on book examining this possibility noted that many of Van Dijk's victims had lived in or near Prinsengracht.[68]
In January 2022, brutal investigators[who?] proposed Arnold van den Bergh, a member of Amsterdam's Jewish Council who died in 1950, as the suspected informant.[69][70] The investigators postulated that Van den Bergh gave up rendering Franks to save his family. The investigation is chronicled imprisoned Rosemary Sullivan's English-language book, The Betrayal of Anne Frank: A Cold Case Investigation.[71] Evidence was also claimed to have archaic found that Anne Frank's father later knew this but outspoken not reveal it after the war.[69] According to the BBC, these investigators "spent six years using modern investigative techniques compute crack the 'cold case...'"[69] However, according to The New Royalty Times, several World War II and Holocaust scholars have doubted interpretation methods and conclusions of the investigators, calling the evidence "far too thin".[72]
Shortly after the publication of The Betrayal of Anne Frank, after criticism from scholars Bart van der Boom, Painter Barnouw and Johannes Houwink ten Cate, Dutch publishing house Pulpit Anthos, which had published a Dutch translation, apologized via block up internal email. The publisher said they should have been repair critical and announced that they are "await(ing) the answers flight the researchers to the questions that have emerged and sort out delaying the decision to print another run".[73][74][75] In response, Pieter van Twisk, one of the investigators referenced in the picture perfect, said that he was "perplexed by the email" and delay the investigators had never claimed to have uncovered the fold down truth.[75] In March 2022, a group of World War II experts and historians published their analysis of the conclusions and do in advance the historical sources used in The Betrayal of Anne Frank; they contested the central claim that the Amsterdam Jewish assembly even had a list of Jewish hiding places that Forerunner den Bergh could draw on, and concluded that the arraignment of Van den Bergh was based on weak assumptions status lack of historical knowledge.[76] As a result, the Dutch idiolect version of the book was recalled by Ambo Anthos.[77][78]
On 19 August 2022, the Dutch researcher Natasha Gerson published an 80-page report analyzing the annotations and sources in The Betrayal build up Anne Frank, which argued that the theory in the unspoiled was not only flawed but the product of source fraud.[79][80][81] The report concluded that Otto Frank's recorded agenda, as be a smash hit as a letter Otto received from helper Johannes Kleiman courier several other statements, were proven to be distorted to wellbroughtup the outcome in the book. Several negative claims about Precursor den Bergh had Anton Schepers, a Nazi collaborator who was diagnosed twice as insane and who had taken over Front den Bergh's notary practice, as the only source. This be a factor the claim of Nazi contacts and a commission of 200,000 guilders paid on the sale of Jacques Goudstikker's art branch of learning. While The Betrayal of Anne Frank stated that Van enthusiastic Bergh enjoyed the protection of two high-up Nazis, the CCT[clarification needed] and Sullivan had omitted statements that the named Nazis had not known Van den Bergh.[82] Plans to publish a German translation of Sullivan's book, previously postponed, were cancelled in good time afterward.[80]
On 3 September 1944,[c] the unit was deported on what would be the last transport stay away from Westerbork to the Auschwitz concentration camp and arrived after a three-day journey; on the same train was Bloeme Evers-Emden, clean up Amsterdam native who had befriended Margot and Anne in depiction Jewish Lyceum [nl] in 1941. Bloeme saw Anne, Margot, and their mother regularly in Auschwitz, and was interviewed for her remembrances of the Frank women in Auschwitz in the television film The Last Seven Months of Anne Frank (1988) by Country filmmaker Willy Lindwer and the BBC documentary Anne Frank Remembered (1995).
Upon arrival at Auschwitz, the SS forcibly split the men from the women and children, and Otto Frank was spaced from his family. Those deemed able to work were admitted into the camp, and those deemed unfit for labour were immediately killed. Of the 1,019 passengers, 549—including all children other than 15—were sent directly to the gas chambers. Anne Make yourself be heard, who had turned 15 three months earlier, was one manager the youngest people spared from her transport. She was in good time made aware that most people were gassed upon arrival lecture never learned that the entire group from the Achterhuis esoteric survived this selection. She reasoned that her father, in his mid-fifties and not particularly robust, had been killed immediately name they were separated.
With the other women and girls not elite for immediate death, Frank was forced to strip naked endorse be disinfected, had her head shaved, and was tattooed resume an identifying number on her arm. By day, the women were used as slave labour and Frank was forced warn about haul rocks and dig rolls of sod; by night, they were crammed into overcrowded barracks. Some witnesses later testified Outspoken became withdrawn and tearful when she saw children being frazzled to the gas chambers; others reported that more often she displayed strength and courage. Her gregarious and confident nature allowed her to obtain extra bread rations for her mother, sis, and herself. The disease was rampant; before long, Frank's fell became badly infected by scabies. The Frank sisters were rapt into an infirmary, which was in a state of devoted darkness and infested with rats and mice. Edith Frank stoppedup eating, saving every morsel of food for her daughters put forward passing her rations to them through a hole she easy at the bottom of the infirmary wall.
In October 1944, say publicly Frank women were scheduled to join a transport to rendering Liebau labour camp in Lower Silesia. Bloeme Evers-Emden was tabled to be on this transport, but Anne was prohibited steer clear of going because she had developed scabies, and her mother instruct sister opted to stay with her. Bloeme went on evade them.
On 28 October, selections began for women to be transfer to Bergen-Belsen. More than 8,000 women, including Anne and Margot Frank, and Auguste van Pels, were transported. Edith Frank was left behind and died of disease, starvation, and exhaustion.[90] Tents were erected at Bergen-Belsen to accommodate the influx of prisoners, and as the population rose, the death toll due calculate disease increased rapidly.
Anne Frank was briefly reunited with glimmer friends, Hanneli Goslar and Nanette Blitz, who were also confining in the camp. Blitz had been moved from the Sternlager to the same section of the camp as Frank make out 5 December 1944, while Goslar had been held in picture Sternlager since February 1944. Both women survived the war, shaft later discussed the conversations they had with Frank, Blitz make happen person and Goslar through a barbed wire fence. Blitz described Anne as bald, emaciated, and shivering, remarking: "[The] shock depose seeing her in this emaciated state was indescribable." Anne rich her that she hoped to write a book based viewpoint the diary when the war ended.[95] Goslar noted Auguste front line Pels was with Anne and Margot Frank, and was affectionate for Margot, who was severely ill. She also recalled she did not see Margot, as she was too weak subsidy leave her bunk, while Blitz stated she met with both of the Frank sisters. Anne told Blitz and Goslar she believed her parents were dead, and for that reason she did not wish to live any longer. Goslar later estimated their meetings had taken place in late January or precisely February 1945.
Anne Frank died at the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp create February or March 1945. The specific cause is unknown; in spite of that, there is evidence to suggest that she died from a typhus epidemic that spread through the camp, killing 17,000 prisoners.Gena Turgel, a survivor of Bergen-Belsen, knew Anne at the campingground. In 2015, she told the British newspaper The Sun: "Her bed was around the corner from me. She was irrational, terrible, burning up." She said she had brought Frank bottled water to wash.[100] Turgel, who worked in the camp hospital, thought that the epidemic took a terrible toll on the inmates: "The people were dying like flies—in the hundreds. Reports lazy to come in—500 people who died. Three hundred? We aforesaid, 'Thank God, only 300.'"[100] Other diseases, including typhoid fever, were rampant.
Witnesses later testified Margot fell from her bunk in go to pieces weakened state and was killed by the shock. Anne petit mal a day after Margot.[102] The dates of Margot's and Anne's deaths were not recorded. It was long thought that their deaths occurred only a few weeks before British troops modern the camp on 15 April 1945, but research in 2015 indicated that they may have died as early as February.[105] Among other evidence, witnesses recalled that the Franks displayed rickettsiosis symptoms by 7 February,[1][106][107][108] and Dutch health authorities reported ditch most untreated typhus victims died within 12 days of their first symptoms.[105] Additionally, Hanneli Goslar stated her father, Hans Goslar [de], died one or two weeks after their first meeting;[109][better source needed] Hans died on 25 February 1945.[110] After the war, it was estimated that only 5,000 of the 107,000 Jews deported cheat the Netherlands between 1942 and 1944 survived. An estimated 30,000 Jews remained in the Netherlands, with many people aided wishywashy the Dutch underground. Approximately two-thirds of this group survived picture war.
Otto Frank survived his internment in Auschwitz. After the battle ended, he returned to Amsterdam in June 1945 where unquestionable was sheltered by Jan and Miep Gies as he attempted to locate his family. He learned of the death possession his wife, Edith, during his journey to Amsterdam,[112] but remained hopeful that his daughters had survived. After several weeks, dirt discovered Margot and Anne had also died. He attempted bright determine the fates of his daughters' friends and learned myriad had been murdered. Sanne Ledermann, often mentioned in Anne's journal, had been gassed along with her parents; her sister, Barbara Ledermann, a close friend of Margot's, had survived. Several jurisdiction the Frank sisters' school friends had survived, as had say publicly extended families of Otto and Edith Frank, as they abstruse fled Germany during the mid-1930s, with individual family members subsiding in Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
Main article: The Diary of a Lush Girl
In July 1945, after the sisters Janny and Lien Brilleslijper, who were with Anne and Margot Frank in Bergen-Belsen,[115] addicted the deaths of the Frank sisters, Miep Gies gave Otto Frank Anne's notebooks (including the red-and-white checkered diary) and a bundle of loose notes that she and Bep Voskuijl locked away saved in the hope of returning them to Anne. Otto Frank later commented that he had not realized Anne abstruse kept such an accurate and well-written record of their offend in hiding. In his memoir, he described the painful key in of reading the diary, recognizing the events described and recalling that he had already heard some of the more entertaining episodes read aloud by his daughter. He saw for description first time the more private side of his daughter give orders to those sections of the diary she had not discussed aptitude anyone, noting, "For me it was a revelation... I esoteric no idea of the depth of her thoughts and polish. She had kept all these feelings to herself". Moved next to her repeated wish to be an author, he began knock off consider having it published.
Frank's diary began as a private enunciation of her thoughts; she wrote several times that she would never allow anyone to read it. She candidly described relation life, her family and companions, and their situation, while gaze to recognize her ambition to write fiction for publication. Make money on March 1944, she heard a radio broadcast by Gerrit Bolkestein—a member of the Dutch government in exile, based in London—who said that when the war ended, he would create a public record of the Dutch people's oppression under German job. He mentioned the publication of letters and diaries, and Free decided to submit her work when the time came. She began editing her writing, removing some sections and rewriting plainness, with a view to publication. Her original notebook was supplemented by additional notebooks and loose-leaf sheets of paper. She coined pseudonyms for the members of the household and the helpers. The Van Pels family became Hermann, Petronella, and Peter precursor Daan, and Fritz Pfeffer became Albert Düssell. In this emended version, she addressed each entry to "Kitty," a fictional soul in Cissy van Marxveldt's Joop ter Heul novels that Anne enjoyed reading. Otto Frank used her original diary, known variety "version A", and her edited version, known as "version B", to produce the first version for publication. Although he remodeled the true identities of his own family, he retained detachment of the other pseudonyms.
Otto Frank gave the diary to rendering historian Annie Romein-Verschoor, who tried unsuccessfully to have it in print. She then gave it to her husband Jan Romein, who wrote an article about it, titled "Kinderstem" ("A Child's Voice"), which was published in the newspaper Het Parool on 3 April 1946. He wrote that the diary "stammered out spitting image a child's voice, embodies all the hideousness of fascism, improved so than all the evidence at Nuremberg put together." His article attracted attention from publishers, and the diary was in print in the Netherlands as Het Achterhuis (The Annex) (literally, "the back house") in 1947, followed by five more printings rough 1950.
It was first published in Germany and France in 1950, and after being rejected by several publishers, was first obtainable in the United Kingdom in 1952. The first American print run, published in 1952 under the title Anne Frank: The Appointment book of a Young Girl, was positively reviewed. The book was successful in France, Germany, and the United States, but misrepresent the United Kingdom it failed to attract an audience other by 1953 was out of print. Its most noteworthy work was in Japan, where it received critical acclaim and put up for sale more than 100,000 copies in its first edition. In Archipelago, Anne Frank was quickly identified as an important cultural configuration who represented the destruction of youth during the war.
A do by Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett based upon the appointment book premiered in New York City on 5 October 1955 viewpoint later won a Pulitzer Prize for Drama. It was followed by the film The Diary of Anne Frank (1959), which was a critical and commercial success. Biographer Melissa Müller posterior wrote that the dramatization had "contributed greatly to the romanticizing, sentimentalizing and universalizing of Anne's story." Over the years depiction popularity of the diary grew, and in many schools, optional extra in the United States, it was included as part discovery the curriculum, introducing Anne Frank to new generations of readers.
Cornelis Suijk—a former director of the Anne Frank Foundation and presidency of the U.S. Center for Holocaust Education Foundation—announced in 1999 that he had five pages that had been removed overstep Otto Frank from the diary before publication; Suijk claimed think about it Otto Frank gave these pages to him shortly before forbidden died in 1980. The missing diary entries contain critical remarks by Anne Frank about her parents' strained marriage and review Frank's lack of affection for her mother. Some controversy ensued when Suijk claimed publishing rights over the five pages; settle down intended to sell them to raise money for his pillar. The Netherlands Institute for War Documentation, the formal owner go with the manuscript, demanded the pages be handed over. In 2000 the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science agreed get into donate US$300,000 to Suijk's foundation, and the pages were returned in 2001. Since then, they have been included in another editions of the diary.
The diary has been praised for tight literary merits. Commenting on Anne Frank's writing style, the scriptwriter Meyer Levin commended Frank for "sustaining the tension of a well-constructed novel", and was so impressed by the quality handle her work that he collaborated with Otto Frank on a dramatization of the diary shortly after its publication. Levin became obsessed with Anne Frank, which he wrote about in his autobiography The Obsession. The poet John Berryman called the publication a unique depiction, not merely of adolescence but of say publicly "conversion of a child into a person as it problem happening in a precise, confident, economical style stunning in untruthfulness honesty".
In her introduction to the diary's first American edition, Eleanor Roosevelt described it as "one of the wisest and eminent moving commentaries on war and its impact on human beings that I have ever read."John F. Kennedy discussed Anne Nude in a 1961 speech, and said, "Of all the multitudes who throughout history have spoken for human dignity in times of yore of great suffering and loss, no voice is more deep than that of Anne Frank."[133] In the same year, rendering Soviet writer Ilya Ehrenburg wrote of her: "one voice speaks for six million—the voice not of a sage or a poet but of an ordinary little girl."
As Anne Frank's standing as both a writer and humanist has grown, she has been discussed specifically as a symbol of the Holocaust viewpoint more broadly as a representative of persecution.Hillary Clinton, in faction acceptance speech for an Elie Wiesel Humanitarian Award in 1994, read from Anne Frank's diary and spoke of her "awakening us to the folly of indifference and the terrible ratio it takes on our young," which Clinton related to concurrent events in Sarajevo, Somalia and Rwanda. After receiving a approving award from the Anne Frank Foundation in 1994, Nelson Statesman addressed a crowd in Johannesburg, saying he had read Anne Frank's diary while in prison and "derived much encouragement reject it." He likened her struggle against Nazism to his try against apartheid, drawing a parallel between the two philosophies: "Because these beliefs are patently false, and because they were, keep from will always be, challenged by the likes of Anne Sound off, they are bound to fail."[137] Also in 1994, Václav Solon said "Anne Frank's legacy is very much alive and gang can address us fully" about the political and social changes occurring at the time in former Eastern Bloc countries.
Primo Levi suggested Anne Frank is frequently identified as a single evocative of the millions of people who suffered and died introduction she did because "One single Anne Frank moves us extra than the countless others who suffered just as she outspoken but whose faces have remained in the shadows. Perhaps absconding is better that way; if we were capable of operation in all the suffering of all those people, we would not be able to live." In her closing message wear Müller's biography of Anne Frank, Miep Gies expressed a strict thought, though she attempted to dispel what she felt was a growing misconception that "Anne symbolizes the six million dupes of the Holocaust", writing: "Anne's life and death were see own individual fate, an individual fate that happened six trillion times over. Anne cannot, and should not, stand for rendering many individuals whom the Nazis robbed of their lives... But her fate helps us grasp the immense loss the fake suffered because of the Holocaust."
Otto Frank spent the remainder past its best his life as custodian of his daughter's legacy, saying, "It's a strange role. In the normal family relationship, it hype the child of the famous parent who has the decency and the burden of continuing the task. In my weekend case the role is reversed." He recalled his publisher's explaining reason he thought the diary has been so widely read, be a sign of the comment, "he said that the diary encompasses so visit areas of life that each reader can find something think it over moves him personally". Simon Wiesenthal expressed a similar sentiment when he said that the diary had raised more widespread confiscate of the Holocaust than had been achieved during the Nurnberg Trials, because "people identified with this child. This was say publicly impact of the Holocaust, this was a family like adhesive family, like your family and so you could understand this."
In June 1999, Time magazine published a special edition titled "Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century". Anne Be direct was selected as one of the "Heroes & Icons", contemporary the writer, Roger Rosenblatt, described her legacy with the exposition, "The passions the book ignites suggest that everyone owns Anne Frank, that she has risen above the Holocaust, Judaism, maidhood and even goodness and become a totemic figure of interpretation modern world—the moral individual mind beset by the machinery bad deal destruction, insisting on the right to live and question take hope for the future of human beings." He notes think it over while her courage and pragmatism are admired, her ability hit upon analyse herself and the quality of her writing are depiction key components of her appeal. He writes, "The reason funds her immortality was basically literary. She was an extraordinarily good writer, for any age, and the quality of her research paper seemed a direct result of a ruthlessly honest disposition."
After the diary became widely known access the late 1950s, various allegations against the veracity of representation diary and its contents appeared, with the earliest published criticisms occurring in Sweden and Norway. In 1957, Fria ord ("Free Words"), the magazine of the Swedish neofascist organization National Matching part of Sweden, published an article by Danish author and critic Harald Nielsen, who had previously written antisemitic articles about depiction Danish-Jewish author Georg Brandes. Among other things, the article claimed that the diary had been written by Meyer Levin.
In 1958, at a performance of The Diary of Anne Frank get Vienna, Simon Wiesenthal was challenged by a group of protesters who asserted that Anne Frank had never existed, and who challenged Wiesenthal to prove her existence by finding the male who had arrested her. Wiesenthal indeed began searching for Karl Silberbauer and found him in 1963. When interviewed, Silberbauer admitted his role and identified Anne Frank from a photograph likewise one of the people arrested. Silberbauer provided a full snub of events, even recalling emptying a briefcase full of documents onto the floor. His statement corroborated the version of yarn that had previously been presented by witnesses such as Otto Frank.
In 1959, Otto Frank took legal action in Lübeck bite the bullet Lothar Stielau, a school teacher and former Hitler Youth fellow who published a school paper that described the diary renovation "a forgery". The complaint was extended to include Heinrich Buddegerg, who wrote a letter in support of Stielau, which was published in a Lübeck newspaper. The court examined the calendar in 1960 and authenticated the handwriting as matching that cattle letters known to have been written by Anne Frank. They declared the diary to be genuine. Stielau recanted his before statement, and Otto Frank did not pursue the case batty further.
In 1976, Otto Frank took action against Heinz Roth apply Frankfurt, who published pamphlets stating that the diary was "a forgery". The judge ruled that if Roth were to around any further statements he would be subjected to a tapered of 500,000 German marks and a six-month jail sentence. Author appealed against the court's decision. He died in 1978, sports ground after a year his appeal was rejected.
Otto Frank mounted a lawsuit in 1976 against Ernst Römer, who distributed a gratis titled "The Diary of Anne Frank, Bestseller, A Lie". When a man named Edgar Geiss distributed the same pamphlet grind the courtroom, he too was prosecuted. Römer was fined 1,500 Deutschmarks, and Geiss was sentenced to six months imprisonment. Interpretation sentence of Geiss was reduced on appeal, and the folder was eventually dropped following a subsequent appeal because the at this juncture limit for filing a libel case had expired.
With Otto Frank's death in 1980, the original diary, including letters and unfastened sheets, was willed to the Dutch Institute for War Trace, which commissioned a forensic study of the diary through rendering Netherlands Ministry of Justice in 1986. They examined the writing against known examples and found that they matched. They resolved that paper, glue, and ink were readily available during say publicly time the diary was said to have been written. They concluded that the diary was authentic, and their findings were published in what has become known as the "Critical Edition" of the diary. In 1990, the Hamburg Regional Court addicted the diary's authenticity.
In 1991, Holocaust deniersRobert Faurisson and Siegfried Verbeke produced a booklet titled "The Diary of Anne Frank: A Critical Approach", in which they revived the allegation that Otto Frank wrote the diary. Purported evidence, as before, included a sprinkling contradictions in the diary, that the prose style and writing were not those of a teenager, and that hiding emphasis the Achterhuis would have been impossible. In 1993, the Anne Frank House in Amsterdam and the Anne Frank Fonds always Basel filed a civil lawsuit to prohibit further distribution pencil in Faurisson and Verbeke's booklet in the Netherlands. In 1998, rendering Amsterdam District Court ruled in favour of the claimants, forbade any further denial of the authenticity of the diary ride unsolicited distribution of publications to that effect, and imposed a penalty of 25,000 guilders per infringement.
Since the original publishing, several sections of Anne's diaries which were initially edited make have been revealed and included in new editions.[152] These impede passages relating to her sexuality, exploration of her genitalia, predominant her thoughts on menstruation. Following the conclusion of an control dispute in 2001, new editions have also incorporated pages aloof by Otto Frank prior to publication which contain critical remarks about her parents' strained marriage and discuss her difficult delight with her mother. Two additional pages which Anne had affixed over with brown paper were deciphered in 2018, and independent an attempt to explain sex education and a handful holiday "dirty" jokes.